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Statements: All books are red. Some red things are pens. Conclusions: I. Some books are pens.
II. No book is a pen. Which conclusion(s) logically follow?

Competition practiceSyllogism
  • AOnly II follows
  • BOnly I follows
  • CBoth I and II follow
  • DEither I or II follows

Step-by-Step Solution

The pens among the red things may or may not include books, so neither conclusion is individually certain; but the two are contradictory and together cover all cases, so either I or II follows.
Answer: D) Either I or II follows

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