A club secretary defends the club newsletter as follows: 'Our newsletter is the most reliable source of news about the club, because it never prints anything inaccurate. And we know it never prints anything inaccurate because it is the club's most reliable source of news.' The reasoning above is most open to criticism on the ground that:

Reliability is offered as the reason for accuracy, and accuracy is then offered as the reason for reliability. Each claim leans on the other and neither rests on any independent evidence, so the argument moves in a closed loop and establishes nothing. No outside testimony is cited, no necessary condition is misread as sufficient, and no generalisation from an instance is made, so the other criticisms do not apply.